U.S.-made Hawk systems give the Ukrainian military added medium-range air and missile defense coverage it sorely needs.
Mykola Oleshchuk, commander of Ukraine’s Air Force, first shared the clip of a Hawk system in action, also seen in the social media post below, on his Telegram channel earlier today. In the Ukrainian military, control of the vast majority of air and missile defense systems falls under the purview of the Air Force.
“The video shows the combat work of the American HAWK air defense system this night, which, along with the more modern anti-aircraft missile systems of the allies, defends the Ukrainian sky!” Oleshchuk wrote on Telegram.
The clip, shot at night, shows two Hawk missiles being launched. They are both seen detonating at what look to be relatively low altitudes, but it is unclear if they successfully neutralized their intended targets. The second missile explodes much closer to the camera than the first and a significant cloud of shrapnel and/or debris is visible.
“The 100-percent result is not easy, but we will get closer to it every day, strengthening our air defense!” Oleshchuk added in his Telegram post. “Western weapons have proven and continue to prove their effectiveness on the battlefield!”
A trio of Hawk missiles on a trailer-mounted launcher on display during a public event in Taiwan in 2011. 玄史生 via Wikimedia
Hawk – actually an acronym for Homing All the Way Killer – has seen numerous improvements since the system first version of the system entered U.S. Army service in 1959. However, they all generally work in the same way, with a combination of radars providing high and low-altitude target detection, as well as target tracking and ‘illumination.’ After launch, the missiles use reflected radar energy to zero in on the ‘illuminated’ threat.
The Improved Hawk (I-Hawk) Phase III version notably introduced the Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE), giving it the ability to target multiple low-altitude threats at once. This was the last version of the system in U.S. military service, with the U.S. Marines retiring the last of their examples in the 1990s. A further advanced version, called Hawk XXI or Hawk 21, with upgraded radars and other systems, was subsequently developed and remains in service in a number of countries.
A diagram showing the components of a typical I-Hawk Phase III battery. Public Domain
A graphic depicting typical components of a Hawk XXI/21 system. This version of the Hawk system has the added ability to be networked together with other surface-to-air missile systems, such as the Surface Launched AMRAAM (SL-AMRAAM) launcher seen at bottom left. Public Domain
Multiple MIM-23 interceptors have also been developed for the Hawk system over the years. These have featured steadily improving engagement capabilities, especially against lower-flying targets, including cruise missiles, and resistance to hostile electronic warfare jamming. Certain later variants were even designed to provide a lower-end anti-ballistic missile capability.
It is not clear what versions of Hawk have been sent to Ukraine so far. Last year, Spain announced it would be transferring some of its inventory, which includes I-Hawk Phase I and III systems, as well as some number of Hawk XXI/Hawk 21s.
The video below includes clips from Taiwan’s Hawk retirement ceremony in June 2023 and of these systems being fired during training in the past.
What is clear is that some mixture of Hawk systems are now in service in Ukraine, offering an important additional medium-range surface-to-air missile capability. At the outset of the current conflict, Ukraine’s primary surface-to-air missile system in this tier was the venerable Buk, but the country has limited options for sourcing more interceptors for these systems. This is a key driver behind the plan to integrate AIM-7/RIM-7 missiles onto Buk launchers.
A Ukrainian Buk surface-to-air missile system. Ukrainian Ministry of Defense
At the same time, there are limited middle-tier surface-to-air missile system options in the West that could be readily sent to Ukraine. The United States, the Ukrainian military’s biggest foreign benefactor, notably does not have any systems in this tier in widespread service itself. The U.S. military does have a limited number of National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS) deployed to protect the greater Washington, D.C. area, also known as the National Capital Region (NCR).
Hawk, though an older system overall, looks well suited to the kind of threat mix that Ukraine faces. Hawk versions with the multi-target LASHE capability, in particular, would offer valuable additional defensive capacity against large-volume Russian kamikaze drone and cruise missile strikes.
The various elements of the Hawk system are all typically truck or trailer-mounted, giving the system a certain degree of mobility that could also make it useful for supporting Ukraine’s ongoing offensive operations in the eastern end of the country.
Lastly, it is worth noting that Hawk remains in service in a number of countries, including in Europe, and with nations that are already actively providing military aid to Ukraine. Hawk was also widely exported and many countries that have retired it, like the United States and Taiwan, likely have significant stockpiles of both system components and interceptors available for transfer.
Members of the US Army load Hawk missiles onto a launcher using a specialized reloading vehicle during the First Gulf War. US Army
Having good sources of additional interceptors for any of its surface-to-air missile systems is very important for Ukraine given the scale and scope of aerial threats it faces every day. The War Zone has previously highlighted how the widespread availability of AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air missiles makes the NASAMS that Ukraine has received especially valuable.
As Ukrainian Air Force commander Oleshchuk made clear earlier today, his country is happy to now also have Hawk systems bolstering its air and missile defenses.
